Gloablization free essay sample

The Globalization of Misconstrued African American Beauty and HIP-HOP Culture Kerri A. Reedier-Morgan Georgia State university [emailprotected] Gus. Du Abstract From news coverage to entertainment, the media shapes, reflects, reinforces and defines the world in which we live. In publishing, theatre, films, television and popular music-industries largely controlled by white menBlacks continually struggle for both a voice and representation. Many scholars write about the stereotyping of Blacks in the media (Meyers, 1999: Davis, 1989).Light skinned Black women with classic European features predominate in beauty pageants, music videos, and in the world of modeling. It is with respect to the world of modeling and music that this discussion will examine the globalization and communication of Black female beauty. I will examine the historical creation of Black beauty In the United States and Europe and how theses misconstrued Images play out globally. Image Is what colonizes the mind John Hendricks Clarke Introduction A number of writers discuss the adverse effects of this false definition of Black beauty e. We will write a custom essay sample on Gloablization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page G.Kathy Russell, 1992; Alice Walker, 1982; Maroon Meyers, 1999). These writers show clear links between this offensively constructed definition of Black beauty and the negative self -view It Imposes Researchers expose how the erroneous characterization of Black beauty/culture has created and reinforced this destructive definition of Black beauty/culture that is based on an American/European ideal. Investigating these historically racist systems leads us to ask four serious questions: How are misrepresentations of Black beauty/culture played out in the modeling industry, cosmetic corporations?How does the media contribute to the global transmission of these Images? What are the negative consequences of transmission of these misrepresentations? Finally, are there any positives that come from the global transmissions of African American beauty/and culture? An exploration of African American Hip-Hop sub-culture will expose how younger generations of people are defining themselves outside of the commodities, globalizes mainstream Ideal of beauty and c ulture. Modeling and Televising Black Beauty and Culture in The united States and EuropeThe media portrayal of images that support the ideal that /hite is right and white is beautiful, has created and maintained the American / European beauty ideal; pale to fair skin, long straight hair (preferably blond) light eyes (preferably blue), slim nose and skinny. Unfortunately, this does not embrace the diasporas of Blackness, the many shades, shapes and colors of African American women. After much struggle a were able to break the color barrier did so only because of their likeness to the beauty ideal Jackson et al. 1979, Green 1991, Ferguson 2002).These women were students of slaves who though tragically created, were given the label mulatto and oftentimes passed for white or a close enough likeness to be accepted by mainstream society. In the U. S. Specifically, many Black women were faced with a beauty ideal that did not resemble the reflection in the mirror. Many entrepreneurs began and sustained successful businesses based on selling the white ideal to the Black woman. Skin lightning became a common practice in the Black community (Russell 1992). There are still remnants of this practice visible at your local Walgreen.In 1991 The New York Department of Consumer Affairs survey of over 1,000 ads in 27 magazines and of 22,000 pictures in 157 catalogues found that while African American women comprised 12% of America and 11% of the readers of magazines, only 3% of all models in magazines ads were Black. The pattern is similar with Latino and Asians. The few minority figures that did appear in these advertisements were overwhelmingly cast in stereotypical roles: athlete, musician, menial worker, object of charity, or child (Green 1991).The range of acceptable images was narrow and the depictions of women were particularly debased: a maid or housekeeper. If in print, she represented the woman selling feminine hygiene products. Not until later in history did the Resurrection vision of Black beauty infiltrate America media. During the late asss Diane Carroll an African American model and actress was portrayed as a middle-class widowed single mother with one child. The Diane Carroll Show portrayed a slim fair skinned, docile nurse typifying the American ideal of African American family, that of the single mother, beautiful which equaled lighter skin and assimilated. During the ass and ass there were very few African American leading males or females. The ass and ass saw a few more leading men come along. After Bill Cowboys The Cubby Show more Black women were seen in commercials yet, for Black women, the roles were as predictablethe housewife, the overweight cleaning expert, sweet grandma, and soda-drinking teenagers-as they were few. This visual disparagement is not an oversight. What we see or dont see affects how we think and feel about others and ourselves.Strongman (1984) investigated the role of television representations of African Americans and how these representations affect attitudes and social habits. Americas lack of investment n minority consumerism only reinforces the view that minorities are seen as second- rate citizens. As a matter of practice, African Americans were shot only in-group pictures. This practice has been defined by Breather (1957) as inoculation, a process in which advertisers or other capitalist consumer systems incorporate small elements of ethnicity into the media.By including small doses of ethnicity into mainstream media, advertisers reinforce racist ideals of separation, exclusion and acceptance at a cost. Additionally, advertisers help make certain that there is no significant allegations of their product with Blacks, while creating the hallucination that Blacks are significantly included in advertisements. For the advertising industry, the emergence of the ethnic market has not meant that many more minority images are used in general advertising.Instead, ethnic minorities are used in separate ad campaigns targeted outside the general market, in Black, Latino and Asian media. As reaction to this exclusion, Black models wanted to discard the tired notion that dark brown skin pre destined danger, fear, and poverty, and at the same time, sexual power and primitive authenticity. They wanted to dispel as well the outmoded haughtiness that lighter skin signified safety, accomplishment and astuteness, but also instability and yearning.In Summers (1998) Skin Deep: Inside the World of Black Fashion Models, we see a very different view of Black womans beauty. The runways of Paris and Milan served as the stepping-stones of many highly paid Black fashion models. Despite the pervasiveness of racism, many Black models found acceptance in this part of the world. We can trace this acceptance to the lifes work of Josephine Baker. Although her story is by far not an exceptionally happy tale she did gain romance and acceptance in Europe long before her popularity began in America. Man, Naomi Campbell and many other African American models Jump started their careers on runways in Europe. One model Carol Labile suggests that she was openly accepted in Europe because she was a beautiful Black woman. Unfortunately, this beauty was and remains for the most part the European ideal of slim, fair skinned, with long straight hair and light eyes. Despite the acceptance of Black models as beautiful in Europe, there are definite racist corollaries between Europe and the United States. Both countries operated on an uneven accounting field.As noted in Skin Deep (Summers 1998), double bookings were performed (a practice of booking a white model and a Black model for the same shoot to target specific print audiences) and Black models received less that half the salary of white models. Another negative consequence that many Black models faced in these Euro-dominant societies was distaste for natural Black hair (kinky, curly, braids, etc.. . ). As long as the unsuspecting public was appeased with the new, beautiful, and still fair skinned faces, the cosmetics companies who sponsored them could breath an uneasy sigh of relief.As preventatives of a race, Black models always had to answer by their presence- loaded questions e what to do with their hair? The simplistic rhetoric of the asss equating processed hair with processed minds had left a bitter feeling behind. However no subject carried more weight than an age-old issue that mixed the personal and the political with the paycheck: The bottom line is that many Black women conformed to societies ideals of beauty. We were willing to conform. We didnt fight it. If you dont give much thought to your identity you didnt wear it right. You didnt wear it with confidence. You had to feel and accept it. But most of us dont have that type of strength. We Just go with the flow. (Summers 1998:141) While Black models and women in general in the developed worldblithely conducted experiments on themselves, they were also being observed and imitated by women in less developed countries.Top fashion model Elaine Evans comments, Black people in Africa looked up to African American women for beauty in hair and hair but not fashion, because they think we dress terribly. But for hair and makeup, they know were the most advanced, so theyre following us (Summers 1998:142). Globalizes Beauty Elaine Vans comments on a trip to Africa where she witnessed first hand the effects have taken skin whitening creams to the limit. Vie seen them mix those creams with Colors, and paint it all over their body.They burn all their skin off, and then put oil on it, suffering all that pain Just to become light. But theyre following us (Summers 1998:142). Bertha, a barmaid in Dares Saloon, Tanzania, said in the past she used McGregor because a lighter skin means beauty, and most men go for white women(Munroe 2001 :11). The Uganda and Kenya government has taken measures o ban skin lightning concoctions because they caused serious aliments and even death. This skin lightning process is even popular an India.Current scholars are asking the question why are women doing this to themselves. After decades of being ruled by the British, havent we learnt anything about pride in our color? Why are our girls being raised with the notion that if they are dark they arent accepted? In a country of brown people how did looking normal come to be looked down upon (Eagle 2002:MM) According to Sandals through the differential, we find a strategy of contrasting philosophy that operates thorough mobility.Furthermore, Sandals suggests that the power of the differential can be thought of as not drifting, but rather cinematographic: a kinetic motion that maneuvers, poetically transfigure, and orchestrates while demanding alienation, perversion and reformation in both spectators and practitioners. Unfortunately, the differential may not always be used for positive transformation. The media consistently uses the differential to maintain cultural oppression thru, inoculation, which allows the consumer to believe that difference is acceptable in a narrow spectrum and connected to the dominant perception of ideal beauty.Berths 1957) This beauty ideal is taken even one step further when the media portrays in a country of bottle shaped women all westernizes movies and commercials that depict the average women as a stick figure that all men want. M-Net, which shows mostly American movies and TV Shows, chose a skinny 62 teenager from Largos, Alcoholic Arguable, who is not considered particularly pretty here but became a hit on the runways (Monish 2002). This trend is becoming more popular in Nigeria and other counties in Africa and worldwide. Among young fashionable Nigerian voluptuousness is out and thin is in (Monish 002). Print media, television, music and specifically music television are large tools in globalization. Through the images that are transmitted globally, women are bombarded with ideals of beauty that are not representative of themselves. It is through these mediums that women are attempting to construct their identities. The pervasiveness and influence of music and television on people is well documented (e. G.Brown and Campbell 1986; Curtain 1999; and Emerson 2002). Studies say identities are constructed thru popular culture (Hebrides 1979, Labeled 1999). A Very Brief History of Women in Hip-Hop A major pop culture influence globally is that of Hip-Hop. Constraints limit the degree to which this article can discuss the very rich legacy of Hip-Hop culture. However, Hip-Hop culture has been around longer than its antagonists anticipated-?over 25 years, and despite a predominately hostile reception.Michael Tyson (1994 as quoted the Culture of Hip-Hop stating that: It is difficult for a society that maintains social arrangements, economic conditions, and political choices [which] create and reproduces poverty, racism, sexism, classics, and violence, to appreciate a music form] that contests and cannibalizes such problems. (1994; 100-101) The development of the music for both male and female artists, the definitions of, and the connection between Hip-Hop and rap are relatively straight forward: they share roots within the African American community and are both forms of resistance against dominant systems of power.Hip-Hop is a modern, aesthetic cultural characteristic of urban youth within the African American community. Hip-Hop culture consists of the music (rap), baggy but fashionable clothing, the arts (graffiti), the dance (break Nanning), large sound systems, manual mechanical sound effects (cutting and scratching on turntables), Digging (the disc Jockey), Mincing (the microphone controller or master of ceremonies), and the language (I. E. , You, Hippo, a way of life, holly-?Peace).Hip-Hop is an extension of the African American culture that includes for instance, the Harlem Renaissance and its music, Jazz, which also had fresh forward thinking forms of literature, art and music that represented expressions and experiences of African Americans (Aziza-Hashish 1999). Hip-Hop is a part of Black music, which in unreal, is a cultural communicative expression, deeply embedded within African American experiences (Epstein Berry, 1994). Hip-Hop is a dominant force in the music industry, making a formidable impact on popular culture worldwide (Summer 2000).Vastly different marginalia groups ranging from the Maori have appropriated hip-Hop and Aborigines in New Zealand and Australia, to workingmans whites in post communist Poland. Each of these groups uses Hip-Hop to express their own political resistance against the dominant social structures. In the United state the roots of Hip- Hop are embedded deeply within the struggle of a enervation to resist dominant political and societal expectations and representation.During the early sass, the typically male-dominated venues were located in poor streets of the South Bronx, New York, where rap and Hip-Hop originated. In the late sass Hip-Hop finally opened to include female artists (Epstein Berry, 1994). Early music videos showcased tough Black women who served as a female version of the typical male rap and Hip-Hop artist. Female rappers wore the dress code of the streets: designer urban street wear, baggy denim Jeans or overalls and name-brand nines shoes (Bender, 2002, Summer, 2000 Epstein and Berry, 1994).When African American female Hip-Hop and rap artists such as Queen Latish and Salt N Pepper finally did emerge from the shadows of their male counterparts, they were a bit sexier in lyrical style that followed the vein of Billie Holiday and Retreat Franklin incorporating a bluesy sexiness that expanded the genre of Hip-Hop beyond where the male artists had developed. By the late sass, a new model of women in music television videos began to emerge. The images were very progressive and sometimes shocking when compared to the earlier milder music videos.In earlier videos a fully clothed Queen Latish sang about self-awareness and promoted the message that all Black women are queens in Ladies First. Today, artists like Ill Kim showing a lot of skin, and the nasty girl of Hip-Hop Foxy Brown sing such l yrics as mina pitches sucking disproportionately negative images shown on Music Television (MET), Video Hits I(VII), and Black Entertainment. Unfortunately, these images, despite the overwhelming availability of more politically and diversified images negative images, are the ones that get airtime and notoriety by the mainstream. Despite this Hip-Hop entities to resist stereotypes, gender assignments and political execution, through music and clothing that are detached form mainstream ideals. Globalizes and Commodities Hip-Hop Culture Like television and other forms of media, music today is commodities, subject to a global economy. Hip-Hop as a term includes dance, dress and style. These things considered Hip-Hop has been primed for cross over first into white America and subsequently into the global market. Hip-Hop has been marshaled to the promotion of clothing, soft drinks, and other items appealing to youth.Despite the attempts by reparations to remodel the sub culture of Hip-Hop by suppressing many of its resistance signifying codes and reproducing them globally, Hip-Hop roots are resistance, and lovers of Hip-Hop do not miss the embedded messages. Introduced through MET, movies and commercials, Hip-Hop culture can be found in Japan England, France and Germany. Youth in each region adapt African American culture to their demographics. In Japan the influence of Hip-Hop culture is overwhelming (Summer 2000:3).Additionally, Cortez suggests that the acceptance of Hip-Hop style signifies a transnational identity, whereby particular groups of people from efferent cultural, religious, ethnic, social, moral background and/or experiences can freely participate. Hip-Hop traditionally is an all-inclusive phenomenon. This inclusively is appealing because of its propensity for racial and gender identification revolution. In Japan, female Hip-Hoppers use the genre to defy gender restrictions for women (Summer 2000:3).By reconfiguring Hip-Hop and thus Blackness as desirable provides greater opportunities for interactive dialogue between groups that otherwise would maintain and reinforce old racist controlling ideals. Instead, we e groups of youths engaging Hip-Hop as a mechanism worldwide to speak up and out about the injustices that they face. In the Japanese reproduction of Hip-Hop, the origins may be elided but most notably they are not whitened. According to Cortez (1994) these youth choose to use Hippo as a rebellion against adult mainstream society. In London marginalia East Indian youth blend Indian melodies and Hindi with English rap as a street form of protest. In Paris, poor Jewish, Middle Eastern and West African youth coming out of the projects use Hip-Hop styles and rap to talk about their poverty and police brutality (Summer 2000:3). Conclusion: Breaking Down The Politics As we look at Hip-Hop we see an ever-changing cultural apparatus, one that is inclusive of many faces and voices. There are still battles to be fought in this artistic/ social genre but currently this subculture has demonstrated the capacity to change the world, as we know it. Shivers (2000:BE) notes this trend, When one looks at the scantily clothed women gyrating in front, or in back, of male rapper and the female emcee selling her sexuality to sell hit records. Although this trend can be seen in Hp-Hop, I would assert that this is not specific to Hip-Hop but to the music industry in unreal. In fact, current trends in Hip-Hop reveal more women interested in consciousness raising rather than sex. Shivers (2000:BE) suggests that Lauren Hill is perceived as political first and foremost and that her shows are filled with intelligence exuberance and simple entertainment.There are many other young women who continue to choose this high path to entertainment and self- representation: Eric Baud, Lauren Hill, Nonchalant, and Jill Scott, to name a few. Fighting resistance from the male dominated music industry, these women choose to stand up for women instead of succumbing to the pressures of an industry that loud stereotype them as vixens. Through positive imag es and powerful lyrics consumers are provided with realistic views of society and themselves. These women are the mothers of a Hip-Hop- MET generation where music, fashion, beauty all merge.Scholars note that in younger generations of women we see the influence of subcultures redefining beauty and the media has had no choice but to follow suit. (Swell, 1983;White, 2001; Winter, 2002) Many advertisers are now using celebrities from the music industry to gain consumer confidence. Additionally, these advertisers are using African American women who are part of the Hip-Hop culture. Advertisement campaigns are now using more Black celebrities such as Abeyance from Destinys Child for LOreal and Eureka Baud in A Gap clothing campaign (Gordon 2001 : 3).Dry. Melissa Stevenson notes that the acceptance by younger generations of the natural you is a generational change that youth are using to create their own identity without having to conform to the traditional confines of American Society. She like many others credits this self-identity development to the genre of Hip-Hop culture (Mitchell 2001; Minus 2001). If you look at MET on any given day the intermingling of Hip-Hop and beauty is a notable thing articulacy on Fashionably Loud, a program designed to incorporate fashion and music into one entity.La La and Molly Sims along with co-hosts, Kimono Lee Simmons DC Clue, present collections from the Spring 2003 urban designer lines. The hottest models and celebrities, including Charlie Baltimore, Loon, and MAC Late, will be wearing the clothes everyone wants to rock. And this is no normal runway. While Sexy models parade the stage youll witness series of hot, banging, live performances by some of the biggest names in Hip-Hop music. A few even moonlight as million dollar designers (MET. Com 2002)!As an African American woman, I maintain that we are finally at a point when we get to say who we are what we are and to demand that the representation of what is beautiful and cultural no be static but fluid like everything else in the global market. That time has come to recognize and include the voices, faces, desires, opinions and concerns of those considered minorities, is supported by the creation of new cosmetic lines that support the multi-ethnic world we live in. In an interview by Renee White, Caroline Coulombs says: Women of color are looking for makeup made especially for themThankfully the notion of a womans beauty is now cosmopolitan and universal, and no longer limited to images of pallid European runway waifs. Heres to racial diversity and color (White 2001:19). White also found approach. Fernery asserts: l believe that women of color are the women of the world African American, Native American, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Indian, African and Asian. These women live right here in this country. It is time to address the concerns of the invisible consumer (White 2002: 19).Many cosmetic companies are following examples set by major firms to broaden their consumer base by adopting or starting with a ultimately approach. The founders designed a custom skin-care line that can carefully be matched to the skin care needs of individuals in 40 ethnic groups (Limn 2002:24). Roger Hall a professor in Media studies asserts that the use of multi ethnic women in advertising is a signifier of changing times and a change of what is considered beautiful. He credits the influence of the Hip-Hop subculture in the mainstream (Gordon 2001).As a member of the Hip-Hop subculture, it is good to hear and see more women deciding for themselves who they are and that they are beautiful, no matter what Vogue or MET may say. Admittedly there are still those who are unjustly influenced by the dominant view of what is beautiful and cultured, but with the current trend of Hip-Hop dominated, post-colonial inclusively in full swing they have a greater chance of seeing their natural selves as beautiful. Things are definitely changing; slowly but surely. In times of DSL and high speed Internet access many more voices are heard.

An Outline of Analytical Psychology Essay Example

An Outline of Analytical Psychology Essay Example An Outline of Analytical Psychology Essay An Outline of Analytical Psychology Essay Essay Topic: Analytical Analytic Psychology is the school of deepness psychological science based on the finds and constructs of Carl Gustav Jung. Jung gave the broadest and most comprehensive position of the human mind yet available. His Hagiographas include a fully-developed theory of the construction and kineticss of the mind in both its conscious and unconscious facets. a elaborate theory of personality types and. most of import. a full description of the universal. aboriginal images deducing from the deepest beds of the unconscious mind. These aboriginal images are called originals of the corporate unconscious. The latter find has enabled Jung to depict striking analogues between the unconscious images produced by persons in dream and vision and the cosmopolitan motives found in the faiths and mythologies of all ages. The construct of the corporate unconscious gives analytical psychological science an added dimension in comparing with other schools of psychotherapeutics. It takes the theory and pattern of psychotherapeutics out of the sole kingdom of abnormal psychology and relates it to the whole history of the development of the human mind in all its cultural manifestations. The pattern of analytical psychological science therefore becomes non merely a therapy for neuroticism but besides a technique for psychological development applicable to normal and superior persons. An abstract. theoretical presentation is foreign to Jung who ever strove to prosecute the response of the whole adult male. non merely the mind. This presentation should therefore be recognized as no more than a planar study of a 3-dimensional world. Libido: The psychic energy that directs and motivates the personality is called libido. Interest. attending and thrust are all looks of libido. The libido invested in a given point is indicated by how extremely it is valued. Libido can be transformed or displaced but non destroyed. If the libido attached to one object disappears. it reappears elsewhere. Libido is the dynamism of the life procedure manifested in the psychic domain. The theory of libido is closely connected with the jurisprudence of antonyms. The procedures of the mind depend on a tenseness and interplay between opposite poles. If one side of a brace of antonyms becomes overly predominant in the personality. it is likely to turn into its reverse. This is called enantiodromia. A nonreversible witting attitude constellates its antonym in the unconscious. See Jung’s try On Psychic Energy ( 1 ) . Psychological Types: Analytical psychological science distinguishes several psychological types. These refer to innate differences in disposition which cause persons to comprehend and respond to life in different manners. There are two attitude types. the extrovert and the introvert. The extrovert is characterized by an innate inclination for the libido to flux outwards. linking the person with the external universe. The extrovert of course and spontaneously gives greatest involvement and value to the object – people. things. external achievements. etc. He or she will be most comfy and successful when working in the external universe and human relationships. and will be ungratified and ailment at easiness when entirely without recreation. Having small relation to the interior universe of subjectiveness. the extrovert will eschew it and be given to deprecate subjective concerns as morbid or selfish. The introvert is characterized by a inclination for the libido to flux inwards linking him or her with the subjective. interior universe of idea. phantasies and feelings. Greatest involvement and value is given to the topic – the interior reactions and images. The introvert will work most satisfactorily when free from force per unit area to accommodate to external fortunes. He or she prefers their ain company and is reserved or uncomfortable in big groups. Both introvert and extrovert have the defects of their strengths and each tends to underestimate the other. To the extrovert. the introvert appears egoistic and withholding of himself. To the introvert. the extrovert appears shallow. timeserving and hypocritical. Every person possesses both inclinations. but one is normally more developed than the other. As a brace of antonyms they follow the jurisprudence of antonyms. Therefore. an inordinate. nonreversible accent on one attitude is likely to take to the outgrowth of its antonym. The antonym. nevertheless. because it is undeveloped and uniform. will look in a negative. petroleum and unadapted signifier. Thus the utmost extrovert will go a victim of negative inferior invagination in the signifier of depressions. The utmost introvert is likely to hold episodes of compulsive extroversion which are petroleum. ineffective and unadapted to outer world. In add-on to attitude types. we besides distinguish four map types. The four basic psychological maps are believing. feeling. esthesis and intuition. Thinking is the rational capacity to construction and synthesise distinct informations by agencies of conceptual generalisations. Feeling is the map which determines value. It is the map that values and promotes human relationships. Sensation is that map which perceives and adapts to external world via the senses. Intuition is defined as perceptual experience via the unconscious. that is. the perceptual experience of representations or decisions whose beginning is vague. These four maps arrange themselves into two braces of antonyms: thought – feeling and esthesis – intuition. Although every person has all four maps potentially at their disposal. in actuality one map is normally more to the full developed than the others. This is called the superior map. The one least developed is the 1 that is most crude and unconscious – the inferior map. Often a 2nd map will hold achieved considerable development which approaches that of the superior map. This is an subsidiary map. Since any one of the four maps may be superior. we have the possibility of four map types: the thought type. experiencing type. esthesis type. and intuitive type. The thought type is found more frequently in work forces than in adult females. The believing type’s mental life is concerned mostly with the creative activity of rational expression and the adjustment of all life experience into these signifiers. To the grade that the person is identified with the thought map and unconscious of the other maps. the thought will be given to be bossy and restrict the full experience of life. Since feeling will be the inferior map. its values will endure the most neglect. Human relationships will be rapidly sacrificed if they interfere with the opinion expression. The feeling type is found more frequently in adult females than in work forces. The development and nutriment of personal relationships is the major purpose. A sensitiveness to human demands and a willingness to run into them is its outstanding characteristic. It finds its greatest satisfaction in resonance with others. In its extreme. this map type can be obnoxious in its inordinate accent on personal affairs. Since thought is the inferior map. its capacity for abstract. impersonal judgements will be neglected or denied. Thinking will be accepted merely so long as it plays a subservient function to the involvements of experiencing values. The esthesis type is characterized by the first-class version to simple. prosaic world. He or she is content to associate to life on its most simple footings without nuance. contemplation or imaginativeness. The esthesis type appears stable and crude but may miss originative flicker. Vision and imaginativeness. which could extenuate this earthbound province. are merchandises of intuition. which is the inferior map of this type. The esthesis type. in fact. will frequently deprecate intuitive looks as unrealistic phantasies and therefore be deprived of severely needed leaven at times of mental weightiness. The intuitive type is motivated chiefly be a steady watercourse of new visions and possibilities. derived from active intuition. The new. the unusual and the different are a changeless enticement. He or she frequently perceives vague connexions between things which seem separate and unrelated. The intuitive head plants in speedy leaps. which is sometimes hard for others to follow. When asked to continue more easy. he or she is disposed to go impatient. possibly sing hearers slow in doing connexions. This type’s failing lies in its inferior esthesis map. The relationship to world may be hapless. The difficult work required to convey a possibility into actuality or to do an intuitive flash by and large accepted seems excessively burdensome. He or she may stay misunderstood with penetrations. which if they are to bear fruit. must be patiently developed by others. The map types are rarely every bit definite as would look by these descriptions. Normally the development of an subsidiary map will soften and modify the crisp features here described. In add-on. we have a farther complication. Harmonizing to the attitude type. each of the map types may hold either an introspective or an extrovert orientation. Ideally. all four maps should be available to the person in order to hold a complete response to life experience. It is one of the ends of Jungian psychotherapeutics to convey in to consciousness and to help the development of the inferior undeveloped maps in order to near psychic integrity. Many struggles in human relationships and differences can be understood through the theory of psychological types. For case. Jung has explained the difference between the psychological theories of Freud and Adler on this footing. Freud’s theory is concerned chiefly with the individual’s need for and love of the object. Thus it is an extrovert theory. Adler’s theory is based on the individual’s demand to keep his ain self-pride. prestigiousness and power. Adler emphasizes the inner. subjective demand ; hence his is an introspective theory. Differences in type can underlie troubles in interpersonal relationships. Marital struggles are frequently related to differences in psychological type. Knowledge of one’s ain type and of the fact that other every bit valid types exist can frequently assist to relativise one’s ain personal reactions and can take to more witting and fruitful human relationships. ( 2 ) Structure of the Psyche: The mind can be divided into witting and unconscious facets. The self-importance is the centre of witting and the starting point for all empirical psychological science. It is the place of single individuality. and all contents which are witting. must be connected with it. The unconscious includes all psychic elements which are outside witting consciousness and hence are non connected with the self-importance. Contentss of the unconscious are foremost encountered as composites. A composite is an emotionally charged unconscious psychic entity made up of a figure of associated thoughts and images clustered around a cardinal nucleus. On probe. this nucleus is found to be an archetypical image ( see below ) . One recognizes that a composite has been struck by the outgrowth of an affect which upsets psychic balance and upset the customary map of the self-importance. The self-importance stands between the interior universe and the outer universe. and its undertaking is to accommodate to both. By its extrovert orientation. it relates itself to external world. By invagination. it perceives and adapts to inner. subjective world. The demand for external version leads to the building of a psychic construction which mediates between the self-importance and the external universe of society. This mediating construction is called the character. the Latin word for the ancient actor’s mask. It is the partly calculated public face an single assumes towards others. The character is composed of assorted elements. some based on the individual’s personal leanings and others derived from the society’s outlooks and the early preparation of parents and instructors. The character is a interceding via media between individualism and the outlooks of others. It is the function one plays in society. It is besides a protective covering that shields from public position what is personal. confidant and vulnerable. The characteristic symbol for the character is the apparels we wear. Dreams affecting losing or inappropriate apparels refer to a character job. Ideally a character should be appropriate. good fitting and flexible. It is particularly of import that the single realize that he is non indistinguishable with his character. The character sometimes lends one a prestigiousness and authorization belonging to the collective group which is non decently used for personal terminals. To place with the character can do rising prices and disaffection from world. Other persona upsets include a deficiency of character which leaves the single sensitive and exposed to every societal touch. and a excessively stiff. defensive character which is a barrier to realistic version. For farther treatment of the character. see ( 3 ) . Merely as the character stands between the self-importance and the outer universe. so another psychic entity stands between the self-importance and the interior universe of unconscious. This entity is called the shadow. The shadow is a complex of personal features and potencies of which the person is incognizant. Normally the shadow. as indicated by the word. contains inferior features and failings which the ego’s self-pride will non allow it to acknowledge. The shadow may be personified in dreams by such figures as felons. rummies and derelicts. Technically it must be of the same sex as the dreamer. As with all unconscious contents. the shadow is foremost experienced in projection. This means that an unconscious quality of one’s ain is first recognized and reacted to when it is discovered in an outer object. So long as the shadow is projected. the person can detest and reprobate freely the failing and evil seen in others while keeping a sense of righteousness. Discovery of the shadow as a personal content may. if it is sudden. cause impermanent confusion and depression. This will be most likely if the ego’s old attitude has bee particularly inflated. The shadow is the first bed of the unconscious to be encountered in psychological analysis. It is non ever a negative content. In many instances unconscious positive potencies of the personality reside in the shadow. In such instances we speak of a positive shadow. Furthermore. the evil and unsafe facet of the shadow is frequently due more to its fortunes than to its kernel. Just as animate beings which have become barbarous by famishment and barbarous intervention can be changed into loyal comrades by loving attention. so the shadow loses much of its negative facet when given witting credence and attending. The job of the shadow and its projection applies to collective psychological science every bit good. The persecution of the Jews by the Nazis is a terrorizing illustration of the extent to which a corporate shadow projection can travel. The same psychological mechanism operates in favoritism against other minority groups. For more on the shadow. see ( 4 ) . The first bed of the unconscious. the shadow. is besides called by Jung the personal unconscious. as distinguished from the corporate unconscious. The personal unconscious or shadow contains personal contents belonging to the person himself which can and decently should be made witting and integrated into the witting personality and self-importance. The corporate unconscious. on the other manus. is composed of transpersonal. cosmopolitan contents which can non be assimilated by the self-importance. Between these two beds of the unconscious. the personal and the collective. is another entity with. so to talk. one pes on each side. This is the anima in a adult male and the animosity in a adult female. The anima is an independent psychic content in the male personality which can be described as an interior adult female. She is the psychic representation of the contrasexual elements in adult male and is depicted in symbolic imagination by figures of adult females runing from prostitute and seductress to divine wisdom and religious usher. She is the personification of the feminine rule in adult male. the rule of Eros. refering to love and relatedness. The projection of the anima is responsible for the phenomenon of a man’s falling in love. Too much designation of the self-importance with the anima causes the adult male to externally manifest feminine qualities. Anima tempers or provinces of anima ownership can be recognized by their characteristic characteristics of bitterness and emotional backdown. Such a status renders a adult male psychically paralytic and impotent. It is most likely to happen in relation to a adult female with whom he is emotionally and sexually involved. With full psychological development. the anima leads the adult male to the full significance of human relationship and provides him an entryway to the deeper beds of the mind. the corporate unconscious. The animosity is the corresponding representative of the masculine contrasexual elements in the psychological science of adult females. It can be expressed in symbolic imagination by a battalion of male figures from scaring. aggressive work forces endangering colza to divining bringers of visible radiation. It is the personification of the masculine rule in adult females. the rule of Logos. which is the capacity for reason and consciousness. A woman’s falling in love is similarly due to the projection of the animosity. Subjective designation of the self-importance with the animosity causes the adult female to lose contact with her feminine nature and to take on more masculine qualities. The animus-possessed adult female is more interested in power than in relatedness. As with the man’s anima. the animosity is most frequently activated in relation to an emotionally important adult male. particularly a adult male with whom she is sexually involved. Indeed. the anima and animosity have a pronounced affinity for each other. The slightest grounds of one is likely to arouse the other in the spouse. With adulthood and upper limit development. the animosity can go a valuable psychic entity enabling the adult female to map with nonsubjective reason and. likewise to the anima in a adult male. opens to her the corporate unconscious. Further treatment of anima and animosity is in ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) . The corporate unconscious. more late termed nonsubjective mind. is the deepest bed of the unconscious which is normally unaccessible to witting consciousness. Its nature is cosmopolitan. suprapersonal and non-individual. Its manifestations are experienced as something foreigner to the self-importance. numinous or Godhead. The contents of the corporate unconscious are called originals and their peculiar symbolic manifestations. archetypical images. The construct of the original has a close relation to the construct of inherent aptitude. An inherent aptitude is a form of behaviour which is congenital and characteristic for a certain species. Instincts are discovered by detecting the behaviour forms of single beings. The inherent aptitudes are the unknown motivation dynamisms that determine an animal’s behaviour on the biological degree. An original is to the mind what an inherent aptitude is to the organic structure. The being of originals is inferred by the same procedure as that by which we infer the being of inherent aptitudes. Merely as inherent aptitudes common to a species are postulated by detecting the uniformities in biological behaviour. so archetypes are inferred by detecting the uniformities in psychic phenomena. Merely as inherent aptitudes are unknown actuating dynamisms of biological behaviour. originals are unknown actuating dynamisms of the mind. Originals are the psychic inherent aptitudes of the human species. Although biological inherent aptitudes and psychic originals have a really close connexion. precisely what this connexion is we do non cognize any more than we understand merely how the head and organic structure are connected. Originals are perceived and experienced subjectively through certain cosmopolitan. typical. repeating fabulous motives and images. These archetypical images. symbolically elaborated in assorted ways. are the basic contents of faiths. mythologies. fables and fairy narratives of all ages. Such images besides emerge from the corporate unconscious of persons through dreams and visions in instances of deep psychological analysis. profound subjective experience or major mental upset. The experience of meeting an archetypical image has a strong emotional impact which conveys a sense of Godhead or suprapersonal power exceeding the single self-importance. Such an experience frequently transforms the person and radically alters their mentality on life. Archetypal images are so assorted and legion that they defy comprehensive listing. For our intents. we shall depict four wide classs of archetypical imagination. I. The Archetype of the Great Mother. the personification of the feminine rule. represents the fertile womb out of which all life comes and the darkness of the grave to which it returns. Its cardinal properties are the capacity to nurture and to devour. It corresponds to fuss nature in the aboriginal swamp – life being invariably spawned and invariably devoured. If the great female parent nourishes us. she is good ; if she threatens to devour us. she is bad. In psychological footings. the great female parent corresponds to the unconscious which can nurture and back up the self-importance or can get down it up in psychosis or self-destruction. The positive. originative facets of the great female parent are represented by chest and uterus. The negative. destructive facets appear as the devouring oral cavity or the vagina dentata. In more abstract symbolism. anything hollow. concave or incorporating pertains to the great female parent. Therefore. organic structures of H2O. the Earth itself. caves. homes. vass of all sorts are feminine. So besides is the box. the casket and the belly of the monster which swallows up its victims. See Neumann ( 7 ) . II. The Archetype of the Spiritual Father. As the great female parent pertains to nature. affair and Earth. the great male parent original pertains to the ream of visible radiation and spirit. It is the personification of the masculine rule of consciousness symbolized by the upper solar part of Eden. From this part comes the air current. pneuma. nous. ruach. which has ever been the symbol of spirit as opposed to count. Sun and rain likewise represent the masculine rule as fertilizing forces which impregnate the receptive Earth. Images of piercing and incursion such as Phallus. knife. lance. pointer and ray all pertain to the religious male parent. Feathers. birds. aeroplanes and all that refers to winging or height are portion of this composite of symbols which emphasizes the upper heavenly realms. In add-on. all imagination affecting visible radiation or light pertain to the masculine rule as opposed to the dark earthiness of the great female parent. Light of the visage. Crowns. aura and dazing glare of all sorts are facets of masculine solar symbolism. The image of the wise old adult male as justice. priest. physician or senior is a human personification of this same original. The positive facet of the religious male parent rule conveys jurisprudence. order. subject. reason. apprehension and inspiration. Its negative facet is that it may take to disaffection from concrete world doing rising prices. a province of religious hubris or given that generates grandiose ideas of transcendency and consequences in the destiny of Icarus or Phaeton. III. The Archetype of Transformation pertains to a psychic procedure of growing. alteration and passage. It can show itself in many different images with the same implicit in nucleus of significance. Parlous journeys to unknown finishs. geographic expedition of dark topographic points. purposeful descent to the underworld or under the sea or into the abdomen of a monster to happen a concealed hoarded wealth are looks of this original. The subject of decease and metempsychosis every bit good as the symbolism of induction rites in all of their assorted signifiers ; the crossing of rivers or Waterss or chasms and the mounting of mountains ; the subject of salvation. redemption or recovery of what has been lost or degraded. wherever it appears in fabulous or unconscious symbolism – all of these are looks of the original of transmutation. The subject of the birth of the hero or wonder-child besides belongs to this original. This image expresses the outgrowth of a new. dynamic content in the personality boding decisive alteration and expansion of consciousness. ( 8 ) A rich and complex illustration of this original is provided by the symbolism of mediaeval chemistry. In chemistry. the psychic transmutation procedure was projected into affair. The end of the alchemists was to transform base affair into gold or some other supremely valuable object. The imagination of alchemy derives from the corporate unconscious and belongs decently to the psychological procedure of transmutation. ( 9 ) IV. The Central Archetype. The Self. expresses psychic integrity or entirety. The Self is defined by Jung as both the centre and perimeter of the mind. It incorporates within its self-contradictory integrity all the antonyms embodied in the masculine and feminine originals. Since it is a boundary line construct mentioning to an entity which transcends and encompasses the single self-importance. we can merely touch to it and non embrace it by a definition. As the cardinal original is emerging. it frequently appears as a procedure of focus oning or as a procedure affecting the brotherhood of antonyms. Alchemic symbolism gives us legion illustrations of the cardinal original as a brotherhood of antonyms. For illustration. the philosopher’s rock. one of the ends of the alchemical procedure. was depicted as ensuing from the matrimony of the ruddy male monarch and the white queen. or from the brotherhood of the Sun and Moon. or fire and H2O. The merchandise of such a brotherhood is a self-contradictory image frequently described as hermaphroditic. Other images which are used to show the brotherhood of antonyms are the rapprochement of opposing partizan cabals and the rapprochement of good and evil. God and Satan. The emerging cardinal original gives rise to images of the mandala. The term mandala is used to depict the representations of the Self. the original of entirety. The typical mandala in its simplest signifier is a quadrated circle uniting the elements of a circle with a centre plus a square. a cross or some other look of fourfoldness. Mandalas are found everyplace in all times and topographic points. They seem to stand for a basic unifying and incorporating rule which lies at the really root of the mind. Mandalas can be found in the cultural merchandises of all races. A to the full developed mandala normally emerges in an individual’s dreams merely after a long procedure of psychological development. It is so experienced as a release from an otherwise unreconcilable struggle and may convey a numinous consciousness of life as something finally harmonious and meaningful in malice of its evident contradictions. ( 10. 11 ) Psychological Development is the progressive outgrowth and distinction of the self-importance or consciousness from the original province of unconsciousness. It is a procedure which. ideally. continues throughout the life-time of the person. In contradistinction to physical development. there is no clip at which one can state that full psychic development has been achieved. Although we may separate assorted phases of development for descriptive intents. really one phase merges into another in a individual fluid continuum. In the early stage. the self-importance has really small liberty. It is mostly in a province of designation with the nonsubjective mind within and the external universe without. It lives in the universe of originals and makes no clear differentiation between inner and outer objects. This crude province of self-importance development is called. after L? vy-Bruhl. engagement mystique. and is shared by both the primitive and the kid. It is a province of charming engagement and reading between the self-importance and its milieus. What is ego and what is non-ego are non distinguished. Inner universe and outer universe are experienced as a individual entirety. This crude province of engagement mystique is besides apparent in the phenomena of rabble psychological science in which single consciousness and duty are temporarily eclipsed by designation with a corporate dynamism. Jung made no attempt to show a systematic theory of psychological development. However. some of his followings. particularly Neumann ( 12 ) . have attempted to make full in this spread. Following Neumann. the phases of psychological development can be described as follows. The first or original province is called the uroboric phase. derived from uroborus. the round image of the tail-eating snake. It refers to the original entirety and self-containment which is anterior to the birth of consciousness. The self-importance exists merely as a latent potency in a province of primary individuality with the Self or nonsubjective mind. This province is presumed to refer during the antenatal period and early babyhood. The passage between this province and the 2nd phase of development corresponds to the creative activity of the universe for the single mind. Thus universe creative activity myths refer to this first decisive event in psychic development – the birth of the self-importance out of the unconscious. The basic subject of all creative activity myths is separation. Out of uniform integrity one component is discriminated from another. It may be expressed as the creative activity of light – the separation of visible radiation from darkness. or as the separation of the universe parents – the differentiation between masculine and feminine. or the outgrowth of order out of pandemonium. In each instance the significance is the same. viz. . the birth of consciousness. the capacity to know apart between antonyms. The 2nd phase of psychological development is called the matriarchal stage. Although get downing consciousness has appeared. it is every bit yet merely dim and fitful. The nascent self-importance is still mostly inactive and dependent on its uroboric matrix which now takes on the facet of the great female parent. Masculine and feminine elements are non yet clearly differentiated so that the great female parent will still be undifferentiated as to sex. To this phase belongs the image of the phallic female parent integrating both masculine and feminine constituents. Here. the opinion psychic entity is the great female parent. The prevailing concern will be to seek her nutriment and support and to avoid her destructive. devouring facet. The male parent original or masculine rule has non yet emerged into separate being. Mother is still all. The self-importance has achieved merely a unstable separation and is still dependent on the unconscious. which is personified as the great female parent. The matriarchal stage is represented mythologically by the imagination of the antediluvian Near Eastern female parent faiths. for illustration. the Cybele-Attis myth. Attis. the son-lover of Cybele. was unfaithful to her. In a craze of sorrow. reflecting his dependent bondage. he was castrated and killed. The matriarchal stage corresponds to the Oedipal stage as described by Freud. However. analytical psychologists interpret incest symbolically instead than literally as was done by Freud. The matriarchal stage is the stage of original incest. symbolically talking. anterior to the outgrowth of the incest tabu. In the life of the person. this stage corresponds approximately with the early old ages of childhood. The 3rd phase is called the patriarchal stage. The passage is characterized by peculiar subjects. images and actions. In an effort to interrupt free from the matriarchal stage. the feminine with all it

Terminology & Experiences & Beliefs Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Terminology & Experiences & Beliefs - Case Study Example I began to associate the term with high intelligence in a given area and high levels of income. The term also implies come connotations of social privilege. I would describe an accounting professional as a person who has gone through the formal education system of accountancy and acquired the requisite skills of accountancy to such a level that he can and has applied them to solve accounting related problems. Necessarily, such a person, according to my description, should have some experience in the accounting area of specialization, and must reflect a high regard of ethical practices. Yes, I would differentiate myself from the well-paid non-professional people in the field of accounting precisely because my formal training as an accountant has enabled me to acquire resourceful insights that differentiates me from non-professionals. I am knowledgeable about the dynamics of the business world and the attendant principles that govern them. With sufficient experience, I believe that I would be able to distinguish myself from the well-paid non-professional because of the depth of my insight and the formality of my